Rhetorical Analysis Malala Yousafzai - 1211 Words

Adewunmi Adebanjo ENGL 1213 Professor Carney 10 February, 2014. Rhetorical analysis of Malala Yousafzai speech â€Å"Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter† Twain Mark. Malala Yousafzai, a teenager and the youngest Nobel Prize winner is a testimony to what Mark Twain (the author of several American novels) said in his quote. Yousafzai started the fight for her right to education and fundamental rights after her school was attacked in 2008. The Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai used her Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech to launch an attack on governments that have the resources to begin wars, travel into space but not to enable universal education. She won the Nobel Prize when she was seventeen. On the 10th of December, 2014 Yousafzai became a Nobel laureate. Malala’s Nobel Prize acceptance speech is more than you would expect from a sixteen year old child. During the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, which took place in Oslo, Yousafzai raised her voice in a silent room in the presence of a distinguished audience to say what she believes is right. She began the speech by saying a very short prayer in her Islam. She greats her audience and salutes the Nobel Peace Prize committee for selecting her for the award. She appreciates her parents there in her trying-times, A rhetorical device is a use of language that is intended to have an effect on its audience. The speech entails many rhetorical terms to make an artistic and credibleShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Malala Yousafzai Nobel Peace Prize Speech726 Words   |  3 Pages Malala Yousafzai Nobel Peace Prize Speech Analysis â€Å"I am those 66 million girls who are deprived of education. And today I am not raising my voice, it is the voice of those 66 million girls.† Malala Yousafzai makes this statement in her speech to the Nobel Committee as the first Pakistani and, at the age of sixteen, the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize Award. Malala was unfortunately shot in the head by a member of the Taliban, due to the fact that she defied a culture that didRead MoreMalala Yousafzai ´s Speech Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pages The speaker is Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani girl; she is sixteen years old. She was shot by Taliban in on October 2012. Malala was the first and the youngest person who received the biggest European human rights prize called Sakh arov Malala was received Nobel Peace Prize in 2013. She also received many other international awards such as women of the year 2013 by Glamour, Womens rights award Raw War (Malala yousafzai Web, 2013). Malala Yousafzai give a speech at the United Nations. The terroristRead MoreA Brief Note On Malala Yousafzai s I Am Malala 2104 Words   |  9 Pages Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997, in Mingora, Pakistan (Yousafzai, 2013, p.233). She is the daughter of Ziauddin and Tor Pekai Yousafzai and has two younger brothers. Some background about Yousafzai as it maintains in her book â€Å"I am Malala: The girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban† she was a child, she became an advocate for girls education, which resulted in the Taliban issuing a death threat against her (Yousafzai, 2013, 235). On October 9, 2012, a gunman shot

Personality, Psychology, And Humanistic Approach - 1362 Words

Personality in a Nutshell Personality is looked at everyday purposely and accidently. Whether you are judging how your new professor for the semester will be, or if you are studying your best friend for a project, personality is studied abundantly. While there are many ways to define personality, there is not a worldwide definition around. Personality is the unique combination of patterns that influence behavior, thought, motivation, and emotion in a human being (boundless.com). That is one of many ways of defining personality. When examining personality, there are four main approachable theories including: The Psychodynamic Approach, The Trait Approach, The Social-Cognitive Approach, and The Humanistic Approach. The Psychodynamic Approach was first approach by Sigmund Freud; he dealt with the understanding that personality came from our unconscious state of mind. And that unconscious state interacted to determine our thoughts, behaviors, and feelings (Bernstein, 425). Freud also created the psychoanalytical theory stating that personality led the way to handling psychological disorders. He divided personality into three main topics; which are the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the basis of each human being’s instincts we are all born with. It is the immediate wants I crave; it may show more selfish side. The ego is the part that subdues the id and calms it down. It allows me to think and realize certain actions may upset someone else around me. The superego isShow MoreRelatedPsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most recent branches of psychology to emerge is the positive psychology movement. Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays anRead MorePsychodynamic And Humanistic Theories Of Psychology1634 Words   |  7 PagesPsychodynamic and Humanistic Personality Theories The study of the human mind is an interesting topic to discuss about, we have many theorists that have come up with many different ideas or theories, in how to evaluate the mind of humans, two main ways to study the mind in psychology are psychodynamic approach and humanistic approach. Even though these theories are to evaluate human minds they have different views in how the mind works. In psychodynamic approach, the way the mind is viewed is thatRead MorePsychology : Theories Of Personality1577 Words   |  7 PagesTHEORIES OF PERSONALITY 4 (ANALYZE THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY) Faculty Use Only The Humanistic Approach to Understanding Personality In the 1950?s, the field of psychology was dominated mainly by two schools of thought: psychoanalytic theory (the unconscious mind and unconscious motivations that shape human behavior), and behaviorism (the ways in which conditioning processes shape human behavior). To many humanistic and positiveRead MorePsychodynamic approach: the basics1202 Words   |  5 Pagesare many theories in psychology that can be used to â€Å"understand† behaviour, two theories I am going to look at are; Psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach. I will discuss these 2 psychological theories of development and explain how it accounts for the psychological development, health and behaviour of the individual. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was considered the founding father of the psychodynamic approach. Psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in terms of consciousRead MoreBiological And Humanistic Concepts Of The Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1364 Words   |  6 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality In this paper, I will show you how Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers agreed on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and also the biological and humanistic approach. â€Å"The hierarchy of needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development† (Orana, 2009). Maslow’s book Personality and Motivation was published in 1954 introducing his theory of the hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow AbrahamRead MoreHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 Pages Humanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theoriesRead MoreEssay And Peer Reflection : Personality Theory781 Words   |  4 PagesReflection: Personality Theory A.J. Molina LeTourneau University â€Æ' Essay and Peer Reflection: Personality Theory Introduction Humanistic Psychology presents insight into understanding human behavior by delving into the individualistic view of each person. The importance of self-actualization infects the Western culture so psychologists need to have an understanding of individuals in order to counsel those who seek counseling. What is it? Humanistic Psychology arose during the 1950’s. The humanistic approachRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe focus of this paper is the person-centered approach, which is the understanding of personality and human relationships in psychotherapy and counseling in the areas of client-centered therapy, education of student-centered learning, organizations, and other group settings. Even though psychoanalysis and behaviorism have made major contributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disordersRead MorePersonality Analysis Paper1521 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality Analysis Personality Analysis The personality of an individual is what makes him or her unique among others. That same uniqueness is what makes each person interesting to study and observe. The same set of identical twins may have all the same genetic makeup, but he or she will still have an individual personality to call his or her own. The study of personality is quite complex and involves many ideas and theories fromRead MoreThe Three Fronts Of Contemporary Psychology946 Words   |  4 PagesThe three fronts of contemporary psychology are behavioristic, humanistic and psychoanalytic. Behaviorism was labeled the primary front of psychology, and was a belief that behaviors can be measured, trained or changed. This is similar to how one person acts, compared to another person. A person’s belief may display how he or she will react towards a particular situation. This view was based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states

Immigrant Health in the United States Free Essays

Introduction The understanding of the challenges facing immigrant health in the United States is vital to maximizing its trajectory towards transformation. As pointed out by Hall and Cuellar (2016), the negative impetus among the immigrant healthcare in the United States is greatly linked to the relationship between the immigration policies and immigration experiences. Even though the government has passed various legislations with an aim of providing affordable health care to its citizens, the socio-political environment, and its effects healthcare service provision remains a troubling affair. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigrant Health in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now This study seeks to examine some of the pieces of evidence that lead to the limited access to quality health care in the United States of America, more so the immigrants. Some of the possible barriers include unfriendly immigration policies, bureaucracies in the health care system, and lack of capital to finance medical bills. Therefore, this study is significant in addressing the government and other stakeholders to come up with friendly measures that give immigrants easy access to health care services.Statement of the Study ProblemImmigrants in the United States are faced with substantial challenges in accessing healthcare, and this has a great toll on their general wellbeing. These challenges can be attributed to the healthcare system. For example, the insurance coverage varies from one state to another, which leads to an intricate insurance scheme in the country. As a result, the government faces a greater challenge to influence uniform reforms at the national level. Even in spite of the Congress passing the patient and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, the immigrant communities in the country are still not able to access good healthcare services. This implies that the political goodwill is necessary to promote the immigrants’ rights in health care access. The country should implement sound and sustainable immigration policies access essential services in the country.Immigrant Health and Its ChallengesIt is obvious that the negative trajectory to healthcare accessibility by immigrant communities is propelled by the existing harsh policies. For instance, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) impedes many local, state, and federal health workers from supporting the undocumented immigrants (Hall ; Cuellar, 2016). Even though was sought as a tool to limit illegal immigration, such restrictions limit the immigrants to access publicly financed health services, and instead of serving the purpose of limiting illegal immigrants, (PRWORA) places deleterious effects on the immigrants’ access to publicly funded health care service. Another matter of concern is how the implementation of ACA is possible when Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) conditions the immigrants to meet certain qualifications in order to access any form of federal assistance. Even if they have a chance to Medicaid benefits, their time to access such is restricted. According to Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996, federal benefits are only allowed for five years for the qualified immigrants and refugees. According to the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), the policies governing the health care place open restrictions to the immigrant communities. The organization, therefore, maintains that social workers and healthcare service providers should be on the lookout to consider these social and legal statutes to deal with the barriers that limit the community wellbeing in the country. Besides these limiting policies, the immigrant communities are also faced with discrimination and prejudice whenever they visit any health facility. In fact, the problem of racism still remains a disturbing matter in the United States. As a result, some health professionals have been reluctant to attend to patients from other ethnic communities. Also, most of the immigrant families have low income, which affects their ability to pay the hospital bills. Therefore, they face a serious problem when it comes to health care access. What Has Been DoneVarious individuals and organization have made incredible endeavors to address the immigrant health challenges in the United States. For instance, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) has been active in calling their members and partners to deal with the policies that affect the immigrant communities (Haidar, 2018). On the same pedestal, the former president Barack Obama in 2014 made public his intention to allow the undocumented immigrants to live in the country without the constant threats of deportation. He similarly sought to allow them unrestricted access legal employment in different companies and organizations. Unfortunately, the Republicans in the Senate used their numerical strength to thwart the plan, and were later put on hold by one of the federal district judges in Texas. The argument was that when would be allowed in the country, the plan would place a strain on the health care system.In addition, lack of insurance coverage, poor political goodwill, lack of knowledge about health, screening, and prevention makes it difficult to influence changes in the health care to favor immigrants. This creates the likelihood of poor access to chronic infection management for the families that do not have health insurance coverage. According to the study done by Gushulak, Weekers and MacPherson (2009), positive health care outcome and health care-seeking behavior are greatly associated with the healthcare insurance. It is important to note that the government has tried to implement the Affordable Care Act, but still, the immigration policies need to be dealt with to attain the best results. The government and the policymakers must come up with better approaches that guarantee affordable health care for all people indiscriminately. Even though experts allude that the U.S. immigration integration policies are the best compared to other countries and is slightly favorable in regards to health policies, more efforts are needed to make this thought a conceivable reality. Since the election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States, various organizations concerned with the protection of the immigrants and refugees’ rights have issued statements to fight the unfriendly policies. They seek to revoke the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and to pave ways for the immigrants’ easy access to essential public services (Hall ; Cuellar, 2016). The government has also developed certain measures sought to defend the rights of the foreign-born individuals in the country. One of them is the Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS), which is used as a blueprint guide in giving health care service to different populations. This means that immigrants and refugees in the country also commit the government to ensuring proper access to health care service. However, more needs to be done to allow immigrants easy access to health care services. Potential ChallengesThere is an effort to make reforms in the health care service so that all people in the United States can access them. However, it is evident that there are still potential challenges to deal with, such as poor political goodwill to fast-track such (Kullgren, 2003). When President Obama tried to come up with plans to support the immigrant communities, the plan was thwarted not on the basis of the arguments that were presented, but due to political stands. The members of the Republican Party used their number to defeat the plan in the Congress. However, experts say that the barriers to health service for immigrant communities are vaster and go beyond the policies. They range from financial incapacities, fear of deportation and discrimination among the health care service providers. For example, within the health care system are external resource constraints, discrimination, the costs of the health care services and many procedures within the system that one has to keep up with. In fact, the bureaucratic procedures within the health care system is not only disadvantageous to immigrants, but to other citizens as well. On the other hand, there are individual challenges that impede health care access. These may include communication barriers, fear of deportation, stigma, financial incapacities and lack of knowledge about health care services. At the policy level, immigrants meet difficulties in trying to access health care insurance. The requirement that individuals have to provide their documents to access such insurances is a greater challenge, more so to the undocumented immigrants. Therefore, despite the efforts, the challenges are seriously raging. Recommendations The recommendations to address these challenges range from advocacy for policy transformation, more training for the health care providers to better understand their professional roles, more and better insurance options, and extension of the security net. In other words, the government should increase access to all citizens irrespective of their background and status. Also, the government should allow access to state-funded health care or provide subsidized insurance opportunities to all people living in the united states. Essentially, there is a need for all the stakeholders involved in the matter to take these points with greater interests to guarantee access to affordable health care between both the documented and undocumented immigrants. If allowed to continue on the same pedestal, the United States would end up being a bad example that would be used as a case study for poor immigration health policies. ConclusionThis study identifies some of the barriers to health care access by the immigrant communities. Some of the identified areas to be addressed include immigrant policies, the bureaucracies within the health care system as well as the expansion of health insurance options. The United States is celebrated in the world for having friendly blueprints that guide its health care policies. However, it is also apparent that those policies are not friendly to immigrants living in the country. Even though various stakeholders have tried to generate mitigating measures, there is still need to promote political goodwill for those options to succeed. In spite of the Congress passing the patient and Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law in 2010, the immigrant communities in the country are still not able to access good health care services due to poor political goodwill. It means that the government and policymakers must hasten their moves in coming up with proper measures to support immigrant health. Just as pointed out in this study, understanding the challenges that face immigrant health in the United States is vital to maximizing its path towards transformation. How to cite Immigrant Health in the United States, Papers

Life and Works of Estrella Alfon Essay Sample free essay sample

Estrella D. Alfon ( July 18. 1917 – December 28. 1983 ) was a well-known prolific Filipina writer who wrote in English. Because of continued hapless wellness. she could pull off merely an A. A. grade from the University of the Philippines. She so became a member of the U. P. authors nine and earned and was given the privileged station of National Fellowship in Fiction station at the U. P. Creative Writing Center. She died in the twelvemonth 1983 at the age of 66. She was born in Cebu City in 1917. Unlike other authors of her clip. she did non come from the clerisy. Her parents were tradesmans in Cebu. [ 1 ] She attended college. and studied medical specialty. When she was erroneously diagnosed with TB and sent to a sanatorium. she resigned from her pre-medical instruction. and left with anAssociate of Arts grade. Alfon has several kids: Alan Rivera. Esmeralda â€Å"Mimi† Rivera. Brian Alfon. Estrella â€Å"Twinkie† Alfon. and Rita â€Å"Daday† Alfon ( dece ased ) . She has 10 grandchildren. Her youngest girl. was a air hostess for Saudi Arabian Airlines. and was portion of the Flight 163 crew on August 19. 1980. when an in-flight fire forced the aircraft to set down in Riyadh. A delayed emptying resulted in the decease of everyone aboard the flight. Alfon died on December 28. 1983. following a bosom onslaught suffered on-stage during Awards dark of the Manila Film Festival. three. METHODS/PROCEDURES four. ResultSome plants of Estrella Alfon:SERVANT GIRLROSA was scouring the apparels she was rinsing easy. Entirely in the washroom of her mistress’ house she could hear the laughter of adult females rinsing apparels in the public bathing machine from which she was separated by merely a thin wall. She would hold liked to be at that place with the other adult females to take portion in their gags and their laughter and their merry gossipmongering. but they paid a centavo for every piece of dirty linen they brought at that place to rinse and her kept woman wanted to salvage this money. A pin she had failed to take from a frock sank its point deep into her finger. She cried to herself in surprise and squeezed the finger until the blood came out. She watched the bright ruddy bead autumn into the lather of soap and looked in delectation at its gradual mingling into the whiteness. Her kept woman came upon her therefore and. shouting at her. startled her into busily rubbing while she tried non to listen to the chiding words. When her kept woman left her. she fell to making her work easy once more. and sometimes she paused to listen to the talk in the bathing machine behind her. A small subsequently her mistress’ shrill voice told her to travel to the bathing machine for imbibing H2O. Eagerly pass overing her custodies on her wet wrap. she took the can from the kitchen tabular array and went out rapidly. She was sudating at the faulty town pump when strong custodies closed over hers and started to assist her. The custodies pressing down on hers made her wince and she withdrew her hands hurriedly. The motion was greeted by a cry of laughter from the adult females rinsing and Rosa looked at them in surprise. The adult females said to each other â€Å"Rosa does non wish to be touched by Sancho† and so slapped their thighs in laughter. Rosa frowned and picked up her can. Sancho made a move to assist her but she thrust him off. and the adult females roared once more. stating â€Å"Because we are here. Sancho. she is ashamed. † Rosa carried the can off. her caput angrily down. and Sancho followed her. stating â€Å"Do non be angry. † in wheedling tones. But she went her slow manner with the can. Her mistress’ voice came to her. naming impatiently. and she tried to travel rapidly. When she arrived. the adult female asked her what had kept her so long. and without waiting for an reply she ranted on. stating she had heard the adult females jesting in the bathing machine. and she knew what had kept the misss so long. Her choler mounting with every angry word she said. she eventually swung out an arm. and before she rather knew what she was making. she slapped Rosa’s face. She was regretful every bit shortly as she realized what she had done. She turned off. mumbling still. while Rosa’s eyes filled with sudden cryings. The miss poured the H2O from the can into the earthen jar. a acrimonious ball in her pharynx. and idea of what she would make to people like her kept woman when she herself. God willing. would be â€Å"rich. † Soon nevertheless. she thought of Sancho. and the gags the adult females had shouted at her. She thought of their laughter and Sancho following her with his wheedling tones. and she smiled easy. Geting back to her lavation. she gathered the apparels she had to decolor. and piled them into a basin she balanced on her caput. Passing her kept woman in the kitchen. she said something about traveling to decolor the apparels and under her breath added an name. S he had to traverse the street to acquire to the rocks gathered about in a whitened circle in a neighbor’s pace where she was wont to put out the apparels. She passed some adult females hanging apparels on a barbed-wire fencing to dry. They called to her and she smiled at them. Some Canis familiariss trailing each other on the street. she did non notice because the adult females were praising her for the whiteness of the linen in the basin on her caput. She was replying them that she hadn’t even bleached them yet. when one of the Canis familiariss passed fleetly really near to her. Looking down. she saw in broad dismay another Canis familiaris near on the heels of the first. An natural fright of animate beings made her privation to dodge the carelessly running Canis familiaris. and she stepped gingerly this manner and that. The Canis familiaris. purpose on the other it was prosecuting. gave her no attentiveness and ran right between her legs as Rosa held on to the basin in frenetic fright lest it autumn and the apparels get soiled. Her patadiong was tight in their wetness about her legs. and she fell down. in the center of the street. She heard the other women’s exclaimings of dismay and her first idea was for the apparels. Without acquiring u p. she looked at the basin and gave obscene thanks when she saw the apparels still piled secure and undirtied. She tried to acquire up. travel rapidlying lest her kept woman come out and see her therefore and slap her once more. Already the adult females were puting up a great to make about what had happened. Some were coming to her. aloud mistreating the Canis familiariss. solicitude on their faces. Rosa cried. â€Å"Nothing’s the affair with me. † Still fighting to acquire up. she noticed that her wrap had been loosened and had bared her chests. She looked about wildly. sudden shame colourising her cheeks. and raised the wrap and tied it firmly around herself once more. She could stand but she found she could non walk. The adult females had gone back to their drying. seeing she was up and seemingly nil the worse for the accident. Rosa looked down at her right pes which twinged with hurting. She stooped to pick up the basin and set it on her caput once more. She tried stepping on the toes of her right pes but it made her wince. She tried the heel but that besides made her seize with teeth her lip. Already her pes above the mortise joint was swelling. She thought of the smack her kept woman had given her for remaining in the bathing machine excessively long and the smack she was most certain to acquire now for detaining like this. But she couldn’t walk. that was settled. Then there came down the street a tartanilla without any occupant except the cochero who rang his bell. but she couldn’t travel off from the center of the street. She looked up at the driver and started angrily to state him that there was plentifulness of room at the sides of the street. and that she couldn’t travel anyhow. even if there weren’t. The adult male jumped down from his place and flex down and looked at her pes. The basin was still on Rosa’s caput and he took it from her. and put it in his vehicle. Then he squatted down and offering Rosa put a manus on his shoulders to calm herself. he began to touch with soft fingers the swelling mortise joint. drawing at it and rub downing it. They were still in the center of the street. Rosa looked around to see if the adult females were still at that place to look at them but they had gone off. There was no 1 but a little male child creaming a confect stick. and he wasn’t paying any attending to them . The cochero looked up at her. the perspiration on his face. saw her looking around with hurting and embarrassment mingled on her face. Then. so fleetly she found no clip to protest. he closed his weaponries about her articulatio genuss and lifted her like a kid. He carried her to his tartanilla. plumped her down on one of the seats. Then he left her. coming back after a short piece with some coconut oil in the hollow of his thenar. He rubbed the oil on her pes. and massaged it. He was seated on the place opposite Rosa’s and had raised the injured pes to his thigh. allowing it rest at that place. despite Rosa’s protest. on his blue faded pants. The basin of wet apparels was beside Rosa on the place and she fingered the vesture with fliting custodies. The cochero asked her where she lived and she told him. indicating out the house. He asked what had happened. and she recited the whole thing to him. halting with embarrassment when she remembered the relaxation of her patadiongand the nudity of her bosom. How glad she was he had non seen her therefore. The cochero had finished with her pes. and she slid fr om the place. her basin on a hip. But he took it from her. inquiring her to state him where the bleaching rocks were. He went so. and himself laid out the white linen on the rocks. cognizing like a adult female. which portion to turn to the Sun. He came back after a piece. merely as Rosa heard with scared ears the call of her kept woman. She snatched the basin from the cochero’s manus and despite the hurting caused her. limped off. She told her kept woman about the accident. The adult female did non make anything salvage to call on the carpet her lightly for being careless. Then she looked at the conceited pes and asked who had put oil on it. Rosa was all of a sudden shy of holding to allow anyone cognize about her cochero. so she said she had asked for a small oil at the shop and set it on her pes herself. Her kept woman was remarkably tolerant. and Rosa forgot about the slapping and said to herself this was a twenty-four hours full of fortune! It was with really crisp sorrow that she thought of her holding forgotten to inquire the cochero his name. Now. in the yearss that followed. she thou ght of him. the manner he had wound an arm around her articulatio genuss and carried her like a small miss. She dreamed about the gradualness of his fingers. She smiled retrieving the manner he had laid out the apparels on rocks to decolor. She knew that meant he must make his ain lavation. And she ached in tenderness over him and his demand for a adult female like her to make such things for him—things like repairing the consecutive tear she had noticed at the articulatio genus of his pants when her pes had rested on them ; like mensurating his tartanilla place shock absorbers for him. and doing them. and threading them on his vehicle. She thought of the names for work forces she knew and called him by it in thought of him. of all time afterwards. In her ideas she spoke to him and he ever answered. She found clip to come out on the street for a piece. every twenty-four hours. Sometimes she would brush the pace or pare the scraggly hedge of viola shrubs ; or she would lounge on an errand for tomatoes or acetum. She said to herself. He dreams of me excessively. and he thinks of me. He passes here every twenty-four hours wishing to see me. She neer saw him base on balls. but she said to herself. He passes merely when I am in the house. that’s why I neer see him. Some tartanilla would go through. and if she could. every bit shortly as she heard the sound of the wheels. she looked out of a window. trusting it would be Angel’s. Sometimes she would sing really aloud. if she felt her kept woman was in a good wit and non likely to object. She told herself that if he could non see her. he would at least wish to hear her voice. She longed no more to be portion of the group about the H2O armored combat vehicle in the bathing machine. She thought of the adult females at that place and their gags and she smiled. in commiseration. because they did non hold what she had. some one by the name of Angel. who knew how to rub down injured pess back to being good for walking and who knew how to put out apparels for decoloring. When they teased her about Sancho. who i nsisted on pumping her can full every clip she went for imbibing H2O. she smiled at the adult females and at the adult male. full of her hidden cognition about person picking her up and being soft with her. She was excessively full of this secret joy to mind their tease. Where before she had been openly angry and in secret pleased. now she was apathetic. She looked at Sancho and thought him really rude beside†¦ beside Angel. He ever put his custodies over hers when she made a move to pump H2O. He ever spoke to her about non being angry with the women’s tease. She thought he was simply seeking to demo off. And when one twenty-four hours Sancho said. â€Å"Do non mind their tease ; they would badger you more if they knew I truly feel like they say I do. † she glared at him and thought him unbearably ill-mannered. She spat out of the corner of her oral cavity. allowing him see the face of antipathy she made when she did so. and seeing Sancho’s disturbed face. she thought. If Angel knew. he’d work stoppage you a large blow. But she was soundless and proud and unsmiling. Sancho looked after her with the heavy can of H2O held by one manus. the other manus flun g out to equilibrate herself against the weight. He waited for her to turn and smile at him as she sometimes did. but she merely went her manner. He flung his caput up and so laughed snortingly. Rosa’s kept woman made her usual bad-humored wisecracks against her fabricated awkwardness. Detecting Rosa’s sudden jaunts into the street. she made comments and asked funny inquiries. Always the miss had an alibi and her kept woman shortly made no farther inquiries. And unless she was in bad pique. she was amused at her servant’s efforts at singing. One dark she sent the amah to a shop for vino. Rosa came back with a broken bottle empty of all its contents. Sudden choler at the waste and the loss made her work stoppage out with closed fists. non caring where her blows landed until the miss was in cryings. It frequently touched her when she saw Rosa weeping and cowering. but now the adult female was excessively angry to commiseration. It neer occurred to Rosa that she could herself work stoppage out and return every blo w. Her kept woman was thirtyish. with ailing face and thin frame. and Rosa’s strong weaponries. used to thumping apparels and transporting H2O. could easy hold done her injury. But Rosa simply cried and cried. stating now and so Aruy! Aruy! . until the adult female. exhausted by her ain choler left off striking the miss to sit down in a chair. expletive aloud about the loss of such good vino. and inquire where she was traveling to acquire the money to purchase another bottle. Rosa folded her apparels into a orderly package. wrapped them in her cover. and acquiring out her slippers. thrust her pess into them. She crept out of a door without her kept woman seeing her and told herself she’d neer come back to that house once more. It would hold been useless to state her kept woman how the bottle had been broken. and the vino spilled. She had been walking entirely in the street travel rapidlying to the vino shop. and Sancho had met her. They had talked ; he imploring her to allow him walk with her and she stating her kept woman would be angry if she saw. Sancho had insisted and they had gone to the shop and bought the vino. and so traveling place. her pes had struck a crisp rock. She had set to keep a pes up. looking at the sole to see if the rock had made it shed blood. Her frock had a broad. deep cervix. and it must hold hung off from her organic structure when she bent. Anyway. she had looked up to happen Sancho looking into the cervix of her frock. His eyes were turned hurriedly off every bit shortly as she straightened up. and she thought she could make nil but hold her peace. But after a short distance in their resumed walk place. he had stopped to pick up a long branchlet lying on the land. With dexterous shots he had drawn twin crisp extremums on the land. They looked simply like the zigzags one does pull playfully with any stick. but Rosa. holding seen him looking into her frock while she bent over. now became so angry that she swung out and with all her force struck him on the cheque with her unfastened thenar. He reeled from the unexpected blow. and rapidly steadied himself while Rosa shooting name after name at him. Anger rose in his face. It was about dark. and there was no 1 else on the street. He laughed. short angry laughter. and called her back name for name. Rosa approached him and made to slap him once more. but Sancho was excessively speedy for her. He had slipped out of her manner and himself slapped her altern atively. The surprise of it angered her into sudden cryings. She swung up the bottle of vino she had held tightly in one manus. and ran after the adult male to strike him with it. Sancho slapped her arm so difficult that she dropped the bottle. The adult male had run off express joying. naming back a concluding undeserved name at her. go forthing her to look with cryings at the vino oozing into the land. Some people had come toward her so. inquiring what had happened. She had stooped. picked up the biggest piece of glass. and hurried back to her kept woman. inquiring whether she would be believed and forgiven. Rosa walked down street after street. She had long ago wiped the cryings from her face. and her ideas were of a topographic point to kip. for it was tardily at dark. She told herself she would kill Sancho if she of all time saw him once more. She picked up a rock from the route. stating. I wish a cold air current would strike him dead. and so on ; and the rock she grasped tightly. stating. If I meet him now. I would throw this at him. and purpose so good that I would certainly hit him. She rubbed her arm in memory of the numbing blow the adult male had dealt it. and touched her face with ferocious shame for the smack he had dared to give her. Her fists closed more tightly about the rock and she looked approximately her as if she expected Sancho to look. She thought of her kept woman. She had been about a twelvemonth in the woman’s employ. Normally she stayed in a topographic point. at the most. for four months. Sometimes it was the master’s simpering ways and evil eyes. sometimes it was the children’s strong-arming demands. She had stayed with this last kept woman because in malice of her enchantments of bad wit. there were periods subsequently when she would be generous with money for a frock. or for a cine with other amahs. And they had been entirely. the two of them. Sometimes the kept woman would acquire so intoxicated that she would drivel into her drink and mumble of individuals that must hold died. When she was incapacitated she might possibly hold starved if Rosa had non forcibly fed her. Now. nevertheless. idea of the ferocious crushing the adult female had given her made Rosa shout a small and reiterate her vow that she would neer step into the house once more. Then she thought of Angel. the cochero who had been soft. and she lost her cryings in believing how he would neer hold done what Sancho did. If he knew what had happened to her. he would come running now and take her to his ain place. and she would non hold to worry about a topographic point to kip this dark. She wandered approximately. non halting at those topographic points where she knew she would be accepted if she tried. her head full of the unfairnesss she had received and of comparings between Sancho and Angel. She paused every clip a tartanilla came her manner. peering intently into the face of the cochero. trusting it would be he. ready to interrupt her face into smilings if it were so. She carried her package on her arm all this piece. now clinching a fist about the rock she still had non dropped and gnashing her dentition. She had been walking about for rather a piece. experiencing non really tired. holding no pressing demand to travel rapidly about happening herself a top ographic point. so crisp her hopes were of somehow seeing her cochero on the streets. That was all she cared approximately. that she must walk into whatever street she came to. because merely in that manner would he see her and larn what they had done to her. Then. turning into a street full of shops set side by side. she felt the swish of a Equus caballus about brushing against her. She looked up angrily at the cochero’s express joying comment about his whip losing her beautiful flop. An discourtesy like that. so shortly after all her heartache at what Sancho had done. inflamed her into passionate choler. and talking a speedy expletive. she flung the rock in her manus at the cochero on his place. It was instead dark and she did non rather see his face. But seemingly she hit something. for he all of a sudden yelled a halt at the Equus caballus. clambered down. and ran back to her. demanding the ground for her throwing the rock. She exclaimed heatedly at his discourtesy with the whip. and so looking up into his face. she gasped. She gasped and said. â€Å"Angel! † For it was he. He was have oning a stripy shirt. like so many other people were have oning. and he had on the really same pants of dark blue he had worn when he mas saged her pes. But he gazed at her in nil but choler. inquiring whether her organic structure was so cherished that she would kill his Equus caballus. Besides. why did she maintain stating Angel ; that was non his name! Rosa kept looking up at him non hearing a word of his menaces about taking her to the municipio. stating merely Angel. Angel. in malice of his protests that that was non his name. At last she understood that thecochero did non even retrieve her and she realized how empty her ideas of him now were. Even his name was non Angel. She turned all of a sudden to walk off from him. stating. â€Å"You do non even retrieve me. † The cochero peered at her face and exclaimed after a piece. â€Å"Oh yes! the miss with the conceited pes! † Rosa forgot all the emptiness. forgot the sudden sinking of her bosom when she had realized that even he would flick his whip at a miss entirely on the route. and lifted her beamish face at him. halting all of a sudden to state him her pes had healed really rapidly. The cochero asked her after a piece where she was traveling. and she said breathlessly. without cognizing merely why she answered so. â€Å"I am traveling place! † He asked no inquiries about where she had been. why she was so late. He bade her drive in his vehicle. grandly stating he would non do her wage. and so. with many a loud exclaiming to his Equus caballus. he drove her to her mistress’ house. Rosa didn’t Tell him what had happened. Nor anything about her dreams. She simply answered the inquiries the cochero asked her about how she had been. â€Å"With the grace of God. all right. thank you. † Once he made her a sly gag about his knowing there were merely tonss of work forces wooing her. Rosa laughed breathlessly and denied it. She wished they would neer get. but they shortly did. The cochero waited for her to acquire out. and so drove off. stating â€Å"Don’t reference it† to her many thanks. She ran after the tartanilla when it had gone off a small manner. and asked. running beside the traveling vehicle. looking up into his face. â€Å"What is your name? † The cochero shouted. without halting his Equus caballus. â€Å"Pedro† and continued to drive away. Rosa went into the house without vacillation. burying all her vows about neer stepping into it once more and inquiring why it was so still. She turned on the visible radiations and found her kept woman sleeping at a tabular array with her caput cradled in her weaponries. a new vino bottle before her. empty now of all its contents. With an arm about the thin woman’s waist. she half dragged her into her bed. When the adult female would wake. she would state nil. retrieving nil. Rosa turned on the visible radiation in the kitchen and hummed her readyings for a repast. ImpressivenessThere was nil to fear. for the adult male was ever so soft. so sort. At dark when the small miss and her brother were bathed in the visible radiation of the large shaded bulb that hung over the large survey tabular array in the downstairs hall. the adult male would strike hard gently on the door. and come in. he would stand for a piece merely beyond the pool of visible radiation. his pess in the circle of light. the remainder of him in shadow. The small miss and her brother would look up at him where they sat at the large tabular array. their eyes bright in the bright visible radiation. and watch him come to the full into the visible radiation. but his voice soft. his mode slow. He would smell really faintly of perspiration and pomatum. but the kids didn’t head although they did notice. for they waited for him every eventide as they sat at their lessons like this. He’d throw his visored cap on the tabular array. and it would fall down with a soft plop. so he’d nod his caput to state one was right. or agitate it to state one was incorrect. It was non ever that he came. They could retrieve possibly two hebdomads when he remarked to their female parent that he had neer seen two kids looking so smart. The congratulations had made their female parent expression over them as they stood about listening to the goings-on at the meeting of the vicinity association. of which their female parent was president. Two kids. one a miss of seven. and a male child of eight. They were both really tall for their age. and their legs were the long gangly legs of all right spirited colts. Their female parent saw them with eyes that held pride. and so to partially gloss over the maternal glee she exhibited. she said to the adult male. in reply to his congratulations. But their prep. They’re so lazy with them. And the adult male said. I have nil to make in the eventides. allow me assist them. Mother nodded her caput and said. if you want to trouble oneself yourself. And the thing rested at that place. and the adult male came in the even tides hence. and he helped work out fractions for the male child. and write correct phrases in linguistic communication for the small miss. In those yearss. the fury was for pencils. School kids ever have furies traveling at one clip or another. Sometimes for paper butterflies that are held on sticks. and birr in the air current. The Nipponese bazars promoted a fury for those. Sometimes it is for small lead plaything found in the folded waffles that Nipponese confection-makers had such light custodies with. At this peculiar clip. it was for pencils. Pencils large but light in perimeter non smaller than a man’s pollex. They were unmanageable in a child’s hands. but in all schools so. where Nipponese bazars clustered there were all colourss of these pencils selling for really low. but unachievable to a kid budgeted at a baon of a centavo a twenty-four hours. They were all of five centavos each. and one pencil was non at all what one had aspirations for. In furies. one kept a aggregation. Four or five pencils. of different colourss. to bind with strings near the eraser terminal. to swing from one’s book -basket. to elicit the enviousness of the other kids who likely possessed less. Add to the man’s gradualness and his kindness in cognizing a child’s desires. his promise that he would give each of them non one pencil but two. And for the small miss who he said was really bright and deserved more. Ho would acquire the biggest pencil he could happen. One eventide he did convey them. The eventides of waiting had made them look frontward to this concluding giving. and when they got the pencils they whooped with joy. The small male child had tow pencils. one viridity. one blue. And the small miss had three pencils. two of the same perimeter as the small boy’s but colored ruddy and xanthous. And the 3rd pencil. a elephantine size pencil truly. was white. and had been sharpened. and the small miss jumped up and down. and shouted with hilarity. Until their female parent called from down the steps. What are you shouting about? And they told her. shouting lief. Vicente. for that was his name. Vicente had brought the pencils he had promised them. Thank him. their female parent called. The small male child smiled and said. Thank you. And the small miss smiled. and said. Thank you. excessively. But the adult male said. Are you non traveling to snog me for those pencils? They both came frontward. the small miss and the small male child. and they both made to snog him but Vicente slapped the male child cleverly on his thin hips. and said. Boys do non snog male childs. And the small male child laughed and scampered off. and so ran back and kissed him anyhow. The small miss went up to the adult male shyly. set her weaponries about his cervix as he crouched to have her embracing. and kissed him on the cheeks. The man’s weaponries tightened all of a sudden about the small miss until the small miss squirmed out of his weaponries. and laughed a small breathlessly. disturbed but guiltless. looking at the adult male with a smiling small inquiry of bewilderment. The following eventide. he came about once more. All through that twenty-four hours. they had been really proud in school demoing off their trade name new pencils. All the small misss and male childs had been envying them. And their female parent had eventually to state them to halt speaking about the pencils. pencils. for now that they had. the male child two. and the miss three. they were inquiring their female parent to purchase more. so they could each hold five. and three at least in the elephantine size that the small girl’s 3rd pencil was. Their female parent said. Oh halt it. what will you make with so many pencils. you can merely compose with one at a clip. And the small miss muttered under her breath. I’ll ask Vicente for some more. Their female parent replied. He’s merely a coach music director. don’t ask him for excessively many things. It’s a commiseration. And this observation their female parent said to their male parent. who was eating his flushing repast between paragraphs of the book on masonry rites that he was reading. It is a commiseration. said their female parent. Peoples like those. they make friends with people like us. and they feel it is nice to give us gifts. or the kids playthings and things. You’d think they wouldn’t be able to afford it. The male parent grunted. and said. the adult male likely needed a new occupation. and was softening his manner through to him by traveling at the kids like that. And the female parent said. No. I don’t think so. he’s a instead fagot immature adult male. I think he doesn’t have many friends. but I have watched him with the kids. and he seems to dote on them. The male parent grunted once more. and did non pay any farther attending. Vicente was earlier than usual that flushing. The kids instantly put their lessons down. stating him of the enviousness of their classmates. and would he purchase them more please? Vicente said to the small male child. Go and inquire if you can allow me hold a glass of H2O. And the small male child ran off to follow. stating behind him. But purchase us some more pencils. huh. purchase us more pencils. and so went up to stairs to their female parent. Vicente held the small miss by the arm. and said gently. Of class I will purchase you more pencils. every bit many as you want And the small miss giggled and said. Oh. so I will state my friends. and they will envy me. for they don’t have every bit many or as reasonably. Vicente took the miss up lightly in his weaponries. keeping her under the axillas. and held her to sit down on his lap and he said. still gently. What are your lessons for tomorrow? And the small miss turned to the paper on the tabular array where she had been composing with the elephantine pencil. and she told him that that was her lesson but it was easy. Then travel in front and compose. and I will watch you. Don’t keep me on your lap. said the small miss. I am really heavy. you will acquire really tired. The adult male shook his caput. and said nil. but held her on his lap merely the same. The small miss kept writhing. for somehow she felt uncomfortable to be held therefore. her female parent and male parent ever treated her like a large miss. she was ever told neer to move like a babe. She looked about at Vicente. disrupting her careful authorship to writhe around. His face was all in perspiration. and his eyes looked really unusual. and he indicated to her that she must turn around. go to to the prep she was composing. But the small miss felt really queer. she didn’t know why. all of a sudden she was vastly frightened. and she jumped up off from Vicente’s lap. She stood looking at him. experiencing that fagot frightened experiencing. non cognizing what to make. By and by. in a really short while her female parent came down the steps. keeping in her manus a glass of sarsaparilla. Vicente. But Vicente had jumped up excessively shortly as the small miss had jumped from his lap. He snatched at the documents that lay on the tabular array and held them to his tummy. turning off from the mother’s coming. The female parent looked at him. stopped in her paths. and advanced into the visible radiation. She had been in the shadow. Her voice had been like a bell of safety to the small miss. But now she advanced into blaze of the visible radiation that held like a tableau the figures of Vicente keeping the small girl’s documents to him. and the small miss looking up at him frightenedly. in her eyes dark pools of admiration and fright and inquiry. The small miss looked at her female parent. and saw the darling face transfigured by some kind of freshness. The female parent kept coming into the visible radiation. and when Vicente made as if to travel off into the shadow. she said. really low. but really to a great extent. Make non travel. She put the glass of soft drink down on the tabular array. where in the light one could watch the small bubbles travel up and down in the dark liquid. The female parent said to the male child. Oscar. complete your lessons. And turning to the small miss. she said. Come here. The small girl went to her. and the female parent knelt down. for she was a tall adult female and she said. Turn around. Obediently the small miss turned about. and her female parent passed her custodies over the small girl’s back. Go upstairs. she said. The mother’s voice was of such a heavy quality and of such atrocious timber that the miss could merely nod her caput. and without looking at Vicente once more. she raced up the stepss. The female parent went to the huddling adult male. and marched him with a glimpse out of the circle of visible radiation that held the small male child. Once in the shadow. she extended her manus. and without any resistance took away the documents that Vicente was keeping to himself. She stood there stating nil as the adult male fumbled with his custodies and with his fingers. and she waited until he had finished. She was traveling to open her oral cavity but she glanced at the male child and closed it. and with a expression and an disposition of the caput. she bade Vicente travel up the stepss. The adult male said nil. for she said nil either. Up the stepss went the adult male. and the female parent followed behind. When they had reached the upper landing. the adult female called down to her boy. Son. come up and travel to your room. The small male child did as he was told. inquiring no inquiries. for so he was experiencing sleepy already. Equally shortly as the male child was gone. the female parent turned on Vicente. There was a intermission. Finally. the adult female raised her manus and slapped him full hard in the face. Her retreated down one pace of the stepss with the force of the blow. but the female parent followed him. With her other manus she slapped him on the other side of the face once more. And so down the steps they went. the adult male backwards. his face continually unfastened to the force of the woman’s slapping. Alternately she lifted her right manus and made him retreat before her until they reached the bottom landing. He made no opposition. offered no defence. Before the silence and the ghastliness of her onslaught he cowered. withdrawing. until out of his oral cavity issued something like a whine. The female parent therefore shut his oral cavity. and with those difficult forceful smacks she escorted him right to the other door. Equally shortly as the cool air of the free dark touched him. he recovered plenty to turn away and run. into the shadows that ate him up. The adult female looked after him. and closed the door. She turned off the blaze visible radiation over the survey tabular array. and went easy up the stepss and out into the dark dark. When her female parent reached her. the adult female. held her manus out to the kid. Always besides. with the awful indelibility that one associated with panic. the miss was to retrieve the touch of that manus on her shoulder. heavy. working at her flesh. the adult female herself stricken about dense. but her eyes eloquent with that enraged fire. She knelt. She felt the small girl’s frock and took it off with hastiness that was about frenetic. rupturing at the buttons and leaving a panic to the small miss that about made her shortness of breath. Hush. the female parent said. Take a bath rapidly. Her female parent presided over the bath the small girl took. scrubbed her. and soaped her. and so wiped her gently all over and changed her into new apparels that smelt of the clean fresh odor of apparels that had hung in the visible radiation of the Sun. The apparels that she had taken off the small miss. she bundled into a tight wrenched clump. which she threw into the kitchen scope. Take besides the pencils. said the female parent to the watching freshly bathed. freshly changed kid. Take them and throw them into the fire. But when the miss turned to follow. the female parent said. No. tomorrow will make. And taking the small miss by the manus. she led her to her small girl’s bed. made her lie down and tucked the screens gently approximately her as the miss dropped off into speedy sleep. v. Conclusions/DiscussionEstrella Alfon is one of the celebrated author in our state. Even though she doesn’t grew up in a rich household. she pursued her dreams. she so became a member of the U. P. authors nine. She was a pupil in Cebu when she foremost published her short narratives. in periodicals such as Graphic Weekly Magazine. Philippine Magazine. and the Sunday Tribune. She was a storywriter. dramatist. and journalist. In malice of being a proud Cebuana. she wrote about entirely in English. She published her first narrative. â€Å"Grey Confetti† . in the Graphic in 1935. Estrella Alfon writes about mundane life. but she captures the inside informations in this dazzling. intense visible radiation. She could compose about the ordinary and do it extraordinary. She could compose about a twenty-four hours on the farm or a field day with friends or a hapless laundry adult female wishing that her life were different because she was being abused by her kept woman. They w ere really simple narratives about ordinary people. whose lives we don’t cognize until she uncovers them in the narratives. I was merely hooked. Whatever designs my female parent may hold had. they worked. I feel so much more fulfilled because I had that early gift Bibliography ^ a B Firefly. an anthology of Filipino women’s literature in tang ina Ka Finnish ^ Espina Moore. Lina ( 1994 ) . The Stories of Estrella D. Alfon. Quezon City: Giraffe Books. p. three ^ a B degree Celsius aliww^ panitikan. com. pH: : Filipino Literature Portal^ The Best Filipino Short Stories Authors^ The R54 Online Information Database: A spot about Estrella Alfon ^ Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award Winners^ VALib V52N2 – History and the Work of Memory: An Interview with Luisa A. Igloria by C. A. Gardner World Wide Web. bisaya. com Visayan Literature page—defunctWorld Wide Web. sushidog. com Servant Girl ( Short Story )The History of Filipino Women’s Writings by Riitta Vartti Full Text: Rice by Estrella AlfonFull Text: Impressiveness by Estrella Alfon

Archimedes Profile - About the Ancient Mathematician

Archimedes Profile - About the Ancient Mathematician Name: ArchimedesPlace of Birth: Syracuse, SicilyFather: PhidiasDates: c.287-c.212 B.C.Main Occupation: Mathematician/ScientistThe Manner of Death: Probably killed by a Roman soldier in the aftermath of the Roman siege of Syracuse. Famous Quote Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand, and I will move the world.- Archimedes Life of Archimedes: Archimedes, a mathematician, and scientist who determined the exact value of pi, is also known for his strategic role in the ancient war and the development of military techniques. First the Carthaginians, then the Romans besieged Syracuse, Sicily, the birthplace of Archimedes. While in the end Rome won and killed him (during the second Punic War, probably in 212 at the end of the Roman Siege of Syracuse), Archimedes put up a good, almost single-handed defense of his homeland. First, he invented an engine that threw stones at the enemy, then he used glass to set the Roman ships on fire well, at least according to legend. After he was killed, the regret-filled Romans had him buried with honor. Education of Archimedes: Archimedes probably traveled to Alexandria, Egypt, home of the famous library, to study mathematics with the successors of Euclid. Some of Archimedes Accomplishments: The name Archimedes is connected to a pumping device now known as a Archimedes Screw, which he may have seen in operation in Egypt.He described the principles behind the pulley,fulcrum andlever. Eureka!: The word eureka comes from the story that when Archimedes figured out a way to determine whether the king (Hiero II of Syracuse), a possible relative, had been duped, by measuring the buoyancy of the kings supposedly solid gold crown in water, he became very excited and exclaimed the Greek (Archimedes native language) for I have found it: Eureka. Here is the relevant passage from a public domain translation of the passage from Vitruvius who wrote two centuries later: ​But a report having been circulated, that some of the gold had been abstracted, and that the deficiency thus caused had been supplied with silver, Hiero was indignant at the fraud, and, unacquainted with the method by which the theft might be detected, requested Archimedes would undertake to give it his attention. Charged with this commission, he by chance went to a bath, and being in the vessel, perceived that, as his body became immersed, the water ran out of the vessel. Whence, catching at the method to be adopted for the solution of the proposition, he immediately followed it up, leapt out of the vessel in joy, and, returning home naked, cried out with a loud voice that he had found that of which he was in search, for he continued exclaiming, in Greek, ÃŽ µÃ¡ ½â€¢Ã ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ± [heà ºrÄ“ka] (I have found it out). - Vitruvius The Archimedes Palimpsest: A medieval prayerbook contains at least 7 of Archimedes treatises: Equilibrium of Planes,Spiral Lines,The Measurement of the Circle,Sphere and Cylinder,On Floating Bodies,The Method of Mechanical Theorems, andStomachion. The parchment still contains the writing, but a scribe re-used the material as a palimpsest. See William Noel Revealing the Lost Codex of Archimedes video. References: URL www.archimedespalimpsest.org/palimpsest_making1.html The Archimedes Palimpsest and URL www.thewalters.org/archimedes/frame.html Archimedes Palimpsest. Ancient Sources on the Weapons of Archimedes: Polybius Histories 8.2.3.2-8.4Livy AUC 24:34Plutarch Life of Marcellus 14:7 And yet even Archimedes, who was a kinsman and friend of King Hiero, wrote to him that with any given force it was possible to move any given weight; and emboldened, as we are told, by the strength of his demonstration, he declared that, if there were another world, and he could go to it, he could move this. 8 Hiero was astonished, and begged him to put his proposition into execution, and show him some great weight moved by a slight force. Archimedes therefore fixed upon a three-masted merchantman of the royal fleet, which had been dragged ashore by the great labours of many men, and after putting on board many passengers and the customary freight, he seated himself at a distance from her, and without any great effort, but quietly setting in motion with his hand a system of compound pulleys, drew her towards him smoothly and evenly, as though she were gliding through the water. 9 Amazed at this, then, and com prehending the power of his art, the king persuaded Archimedes to prepare for him offensive and defensive engines to be used in every kind of siege warfare. These he had never used himself, because he spent the greater part of his life in freedom from war and amid the festal rites of peace; but at the present time his apparatus stood the Syracusans in good stead, and, with the apparatus, its fabricator. Silius Italicus Punica 14:300-315Lucian Hippias 2 Reference:Archimedes and the Invention of Artillery and Gunpowder, by D. L. Simms; Technology and Culture, (1987), pp. 67-79. Archimedes is on the list of Most Important People to Know in Ancient History. Read more about Archimedes in Discoveries in Science Made by Ancient Greek Scientists.

The heights vs the grange essays

The heights vs the grange essays Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange represent, respectively, uncivilized and civilized, or turbulent and serene. Accordingly, so are the residents of these houses and consequently, the attitudes of the places reflect the people. Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights, is a novel of duality, of opposites unable to overcome their differences. Bronte describes Wuthering Heights as a harsh, cold house, with grotesque carvings (10) and she depicts it as having a pervading spirit of neglect (10). Not surprisingly name of the residence is symbolic of its nature, Wuthering being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather (10), which is a foreshadowing of evil to come. Even the vegetation is lifeless and bleak, a few stunted firs at the end of the house (10), and a range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun (10), vividly conjuring images of the darkness and wildness of the house. Accordingly, the people who inhabit the house tend to be brutal and turbulent as well. Pointedly, Heathcliff, who spends his entire existence plotting revenge on other people. Heathcliff is described as a dirty, ragged, black haired child (41) when Mr. Earnshaw brings him home for the first time, and even Mr. Lockwood describes him as a dark-skinned gypsy in aspect (11), which fits with the darkness of the house It is fitting to say that Heathcliff influences the negativity of the Heights to a great extent. The early generation Earnshaws are relatively happy before the arrival of Heathcliff whose presence is favoured over that of the true Earnshaw children by old Mr Earnshaw. A jealousy arises in Hindley who inflicts intense abuse on Heathcliff when he inherits the role of head of the Heights. Such treatment leads to conflicts in the home and...

Good Governance in Chile and Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Good Governance in Chile and Argentina - Essay Example Within Latin America, Chile is held up as an example where democratic institutions are making headway. In other countries such as Argentina, the fight against corruption, remnants of populism and a weak judicial system are in evidence almost daily. Is the establishment and maintenance of good governance possible in Latin America? Using Chile and Argentina as examples it becomes clear that in our analysis of good governance we should not be limited by one model but should take into account the diversity of problems and the level of difficulty in resolving these problems when we choose to analyze whether or not a state’s governance is ‘good’. Good governance is a universal term used to describe the level of democracy, human rights and the forms of participatory government present within a country’s political system. At its core is the democratic system which is seen as the optimal system for allowing citizens maximum freedom of expression and participation in political processes. Wijkman (1998) claims that, â€Å"Good governance entails a vast set of democratic processes and institutions at every level of society, from the local council to regional, national and international institutions, that allow the voices of the people to be heard, conflicting interests to be peacefully resolved, and a forging of consensus towards greater social progress (p. 89).† Good governance became an important concept in the late 80s when it became tied to foreign aid programs, in addition to playing a crucial role in analyzing a country’s competitiveness for foreign investment (‘Weapons of Mass Upliftment’). While in the era of the Cold War â€Å"the flow of aid, in particular by major bilateral donors, was strongly influenced by strategic foreign policy interests†.

European Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

European Law Assignment - Essay Example The consignment of jam is clearly â€Å"goods† for the purposes of the Treaty and as the case of SIOT v Ministry of Finance 2asserted; freedom of movement and transit within the Community constitutes a prima facie fundamental of community law. Furthermore, the Article 28 provision is also intended to ensure non-discrimination between domestic and foreign products of Member States3. Furthermore, Article 30 (ex 25) formally abolishes customs duties and any other charges having equivalent effect and provides that: â€Å"Member states shall refrain from introducing between themselves any customs duties on imports and exports or any charges having equivalent effect, and from increasing those which they already apply in their trade with each other4† If France’s restrictions on Jessica’s exports are found to be in breach of Article 30, Jessica will only have recourse under EU law if Article 25 has â€Å"direct effect5†. The case of Francovich v. ... lity of Article 30 and â€Å"measures of equivalent effect† was considered in the leading case of Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen9, where the ECJ asserted that Article 12 (now 30) had direct effect. As such, the Treaty provisions were required to be applied by national courts as domestic law. Accordingly, Article 30 can be invoked before national courts and is applicable as national law in the EU member states. Therefore, in the current scenario, Jessica can invoke the Article 30 rights against France and each of the other territories imposing restrictions as members of the EU. Furthermore, it is also important to mention that EC case law has established that Treaty provisions have direct effect and direct applicability giving nationals rights under the Treaty provisions in national law10. Accordingly, Jessica may under Article 30 claim that France has breached EU law and the next issue is to determine what constitutes a breach for the purpose of A rticle 30. The fee imposed by France is imposed by the customs department for the purpose of testing suitability of the consignment for the French market. Although the fee being charged by France is not expressed in terms of being a customs duty, it could still be illegal under Article 30 for being a â€Å"measure of equivalent effect†. In considering the definition of measures of equivalent effect, the ECJ held in the Re Statistical Levy case, Commission v. Italy 11that the term â€Å"charges of equivalent effect† was: â€Å"any pecuniary charge, however small and whatever its designation and mode of application, which imposed unilaterally on domestic and foreign goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier, and which is not a customs duty in the strict sense, constitutes a charge†¦. even if

The Evolutional View of the Types of Identity Thefts Research Paper

The Evolutional View of the Types of Identity Thefts - Research Paper Example The study concluded with brief statements on the implications of the correlations between identity theft and the fast-growing Internet. Suggestions were given to improve the means of protection from online fraud and identity theft. Operational Definitions In general, Wang and Huang (2011) stated that fraud refers to the act of taking advantage of others, largely motivated by economic reasons, via varied deceptive means. Intuitively, online fraud is said to refer to those conducted and/or facilitated using the Internet. Although identity theft is the inception of many fraudulent and criminal activities, it does not necessarily mean that it is the start of all online frauds. Online fraudulent acts committed by methods of stolen identification, phishing, advanced-fee schemes, or other electronic transactions fall largely within the arena of computer-assisted crimes (McQuade (2006) and Wall (2007), as cited by Wang and Huang, 2011). Wang and Huang (2011) wrote that the term identity refe rs to the unique and stable characteristics associated with an individual, and the aspect of self is based upon the interior state of awareness. However, it is argued that the culture shaped by the modern information media alleviates the term from consciousness and associates with the body (Poster (2006) as cited by Wang and Huang, 2011). furthermore, it has been assumed that a shift in the perspective of identifying individuals may discard the psychological portion of identity, thereby reflecting an emerging culture in the digital era. There are three general principles of identity verification to protect users‘ access to their personal belongings in the virtual space (Crume (2000) and Foster (2005), as cited by Wang and Huang, 2011). The first principle requires that a specific user knows some information to access the system. A pair of username and password is the most visible example of such information. The second principle of identity verification is to have something in physical form. These objects may include such material things as a key, a document, or a smart card. The third principle depends on what users must be biologically. Biological characteristics, such as the individual's fingerprints, voiceprint, iris, odor, and hand geometry may be used to verify one's identity. Identity theft is said to occur when an individual obtains a piece of personal identifying information which belongs to another individual, and uses that information without the owner‘s knowledge or approval; "Identity fraud" occurs when that stolen information is used to benefit the thief in some way (Wang and Huang, 2011; Identity Hawk, 2012). The legal definitions of identity theft are usually more precise, but this varies from state to state. A well-recognized legal definition is the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (TADA) of October 30, 1998, making identity theft a federal crime. Under TADA, anyone who knowingly transfers or uses, without lawful author ity, a means of identification of another person with the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, any unlawful activity that constitutes a violation of federal law, or that constitutes a felony under any applicable state or local law commits a federal offense.  

Advantages and disadvantages of increasing interdependence and interconnectedness

Advantages and disadvantages of increasing interdependence and interconnectedness Since the 1970s the globalisation of finance has made the economic fortunes of states increasingly interdependent. Until relatively recently international finance was still considered principally to be an adjunct to trade (McGrew, 2007), a necessary mechanism that enabled the exchange of goods and services at the international level. Its phenomenal growth over the past few decades has shattered this perception. Today the global economy is characterised by the sheer volume and velocity of international financial transactions. Average daily turnover on traditional foreign exchange markets increased from $15bn in 1973 (Gilpin, 2001) to $3.2tr in April 2007 (BIS, Sep 2007). While the successes of financial liberalisation include lifting millions out of poverty in China, East Asia, and elsewhere, and improving the developing worlds access to markets, its failures have also been stark. Various crises of the 1990s showed that problems in one country or even a particular industry can fast become global. The recent financial crisis of 2007 has again generated discussion at the normative and theoretical level about the contemporary global financial architecture, its widely perceived benefits, and its increasingly evident costs. The increasing significance of the global financial system over the past two decades has been mirrored by a surge of interest from the academic field of international political economy. Its effects are now so far-reaching that commentators have drawn connections between international financial integration and such diverse developments as social turbulence in East Asia, monetary union in Europe, and failed development strategies in Latin America (Pauly, 2005). Most of this literature, however, tends to focus on specific aspects of financial globalisation, such as its implications for national economic policy or the power of transnational corporations (TNCs). This essay intends to broaden the debate, to demonstrate the apparent paradox of international financial integration while it has made states, economies, firms and individuals more intimately interconnected than ever before, it is an inherently divergent process. It will argue that the international financial system is increasingly producing a global dichotomy. The benefits of financial integration, in the main, accrue to capital-rich states and the owners of capital, those free to move their resources around the world to seek the highest returns. Developing states, and those without control of capital resources, while receiving less of the advantages of integration, are more adversely affected by its disadvantages, such as contagion and capital flight. The first section will discuss the evolution of the contemporary global financial system, and how it came to be in its current form. I will argue that advanced industrial states, following a neo-liberal paradigm of liberalisation, facilitated the deregulation and increased interdependence of the financial system through political actions. However, it has been technological and market innovation that has accelerated and expanded this interconnectedness to an unprecedented level. These origins are key to understanding why capital-rich entities are better equipped to reap the benefits of financial integration. The next two sections will put forward the principle advantages and disadvantages of this integration. The following section will provide an analysis of these, contending that the capital-poor gain less of the former, and are more exposed to the latter. The concluding section will summarise this argument and touch on its implications for the future of the global economy while glo balisation promises universal benefits, these cannot be realised under the current system, which precipitates a global dichotomy between the capital-rich and the capital-poor. Origins of the contemporary global financial system As Benjamin Cohen (1996) suggests, little consensus exists concerning the causes of financial globalisation, and many scholars have attempted to apply their own structure to the study. The critical contribution to the debate comes from Eric Helleiner (1994), who persuasively argues that the globalisation of finance was advanced by the political decisions of major states. Helleiner also, however, neglects the exponential effect that technological and market innovations have had on the financial system, a factor considered key by others such as Cerny (1993) and Strange (1998). Political actions by leading states have enabled the globalisation of finance since the 1970s. By far the most significant was the abolition of capital controls, firstly by the USA and the UK, and then other major economies. As Goodman and Pauly (2000) suggest, liberalisation became and continues to be a competitive practice, and other countries had to react to prevent mobile domestic capital and financial business from migrating abroad. By the 1990s an almost fully liberal pattern of financial relations had emerged and today market actors experience freedom in cross-border activity unparalleled since the 1920s (Helleiner, 2007). International capital mobility is the most significant, and defining, characteristic of the global financial system. It has created many of the advantages and disadvantages associated with integration, and has also been instrumental in creating and sustaining the global dichotomy. The embracing of a new neo-liberal economic ideology among the major economic powers in the 1980s was key for the international financial system, which was given a large boost by plans to remove the state from the economy and allow the market mechanism to work (Soros, 1998). This theory was less sympathetic to the Bretton Woods ideal that national policy autonomy had to be protected, and was content to let the markets impose an external discipline on governments pursuing not sound policies (Helleiner, 2007). Financial liberalisation has been successfully institutionalised as a component of several multilateral agreements (Eichengreen, 2003). As early as 1976 the USA successfully lobbied for a change to the International Monetary Funds Articles of Agreement so that the new official goal of the Fund was to preside over a regime that facilitated the free exchange of capital between countries (Watson, 2007). This regime, however, has been deepened and broadened to an unprecedented extent by technological and market innovations. The volatility of prices and exchange rates in the 1970s led to phenomenal growth in the derivatives market, particularly after the emergence of an over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market in the 1990s. In 1990 OTC contracts totalled $3.45bn, which had risen to $18tr in 1995 and $24tr by 1996 (Strange, 1998). These new financial instruments involved an initial outlay only a fraction of the notional value of the contract, giving banks and other TNCs the means at relatively low cost to hedge themselves against losses from unpredicted changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodities. Huge advances in computing and telecommunications over the last thirty years have been central to the huge volume and velocity of international financial flows (Held et al., 1999). Before the 1990s only data could be exchanged instantly between corporate offices and banks. The rise of the Internet meant opinions and rumours could also be traded, contributing to dangerous fluctuations but increasing interdependency. International banks and firms transfer huge amounts of money quickly and safely due to automatic clearing systems. In 1995 the USAs Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS) became the largest international clearing system processing some 200,000 transactions a day (Strange, 1998). Today CHIPS, and its state-run competitor Fedwire, clear an average daily value of $1.5tr (CHIPS, 2010) and $2.5tr (Fedwire, 2009) respectively. The root causes of the globalisation of finance are crucial to the understanding of its advantages and disadvantages, as it is evident that major states initiated the process because of the benefits it promised to them and to the rest of the world. It is also clear that innovation in both technology and markets has accelerated the process, making the benefits more pronounced for those involved, while also increasing the potential costs. The advantages of integration The advantages of increased interdependence and the expansion of the global financial system are often championed by international institutions, politicians and international business leaders. At a fundamental level, the benefits cited are backed up by economic theory, that which is at the heart of the neo-liberal paradigm of international finance advocated by many of the worlds economies. It holds that markets allocate resources in socially desirable ways. Flows from capital-abundant to capital-scarce countries, on the assumption that the marginal product of capital is higher in the latter than the former, increase welfare on both sides (Eichengreen Mussa, 1998). International financial transactions allow economies experiencing business-cycle disturbances to smooth the time profile of consumption and investment. Free capital movements thus facilitate a more efficient global allocation of savings and resources to their most productive uses. An advantage of the expansion of the financial system advocated by the global financial institutions is the convergence of national policies. The neo-liberal programme holds as desirable the homogenisation of national policy across state boundaries. The freedom of capital is said to have enabled the European Unions single currency, tax harmonisation across national borders and the international convergence of macroeconomic policy (Frieden, 1991). This, the argument goes, is good for eradicating instability in the global financial system. The incentive for resources to evade controls and regulations is lessened if national regulations are homogenised. The problem with this argument, however, is that capital mobility breeds a competitive environment between emerging economies for investment, which will be discussed below. Some international firms now command more resources than many states (OBrien, 2005). For these firms, the development of the contemporary global financial system has brought two huge distinct advantages: higher returns on their investments, and the ability to diversify risk internationally. Higher returns have been produced by two factors the inherent volatility of the system, and the greater opportunity to exploit it. Firstly, the inherent volatility and uncertainty of the financial system leads to higher returns for investors. Firms are able to trade on the volatile prices of currencies and commodities. With vast capital resources huge sums can be made very quickly with even small fluctuations on international capital markets. The best example of how capitalists gain from this volatility is the benefit that many manage to take from the systems crises. Currency trader George Soros is alleged to have made  £1bn from the devaluation of the British Sterling in 1992. Private companies are also said to have benefitted from the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Stiglitz (2002) argues that the intervention of the IMF, a Western-backed institution, ensured that Western firms were paid back their loans, while numerous national firms in Asia were left to collapse. Most of the $ 55bn the Mexican government owed following its 1994 crisis was to private creditors (OBrien Williams, 2007). The nature of the financial system means that investors can pull money out of a currency virtually instantaneously, and move back in after a collapse making a handsome profit. This leads to self-fulfilling prophecies of currency speculation, discussed below, but the investors are protected from most of the risk involved, whereas the economies concerned can suffer decline for years. Secondly, with the opening of countries capital markets, the opportunity for investment has increased substantially. Banks, hedge funds, and international manufacturing firms have all benefitted from having a much larger global market to do business in. With the ease of transferring financial resources to emerging markets and new host states, TNCs have access to a mass global pool of cheap labour. This capital mobility means governments all over the world have to provide more attractive conditions for companies, from low capital gains tax to relaxed financial and labour regulation (Frieden, 1991). Emerging economies, deemed to be high risk, must offer attractive interest rates to attract investment. There is constant competition between economies for foreign direct investment with which to finance development, meaning better and better business environments for investors. The key advantage for the capital-rich entities is that while gaining from the volatility and uncertainty of the system, they can also protect themselves against it. Modern financial markets operate to allow risks to be packaged and redistributed so that actors can hedge against specific risks like exchange rate fluctuations (Held et al., 1999). High-risk investments yield high returns, but if these investments do not yield, investors are protected by the profits from investments elsewhere. Market innovations such as options, futures and swaps even help protect investors from future fluctuations. There are also huge advantages associated with the development of the global financial system for less-developed countries (LDCs). The economies of East Asia, China, India and others have shown what can be achieved utilising international investment. Millions have been lifted out of poverty, economies transformed to industrial powers, and their national firms compete at the global level. These developments have been enabled by the crucial advantage of interdependence to smaller economies, access to financial markets. The opening of financial markets, as Jeffrey Frieden (1991) suggests, has strengthened labour-intensive industries, in which developing economies have a distinct advantage, through increased investment. The ease of transferring capital across national borders has increased the use of outsourcing and facilitated an explosion of FDI in the 1990s to areas like East Asia and Latin America, providing a huge boost to industries in the recipient countries. Access to financial markets also means that the governments of smaller economies can borrow to fund their development. Borrowing allows such economies to hold their currencies at preferred rates to suppress inflation and keep up debt repayments without inflicting a huge recession at home (Green, 2003). The remarkable development of the East Asian economies would not have been possible without huge inflows of capital, both in FDI and government borrowing to fund economic development strategies. The disadvantages of integration While the advantages of greater financial integration mentioned above have helped many less-developed countries expand their industries and grow their economies, their progress has been beset by financial crises, most notably in the 1990s. These crises were notable because they happened in very similar circumstances in completely different parts of the world, and spread across national boundaries and even to different regions. Contagion of financial crises is the most serious disadvantage of increased interdependence. This effect was most obviously witnessed in the late 1990s, where integration turned a currency crisis in Thailand into the Asian crisis, and turned the Asian crisis into a global recession. Thailands devaluation made Thai exports very cheap, meaning other economies selling very similar exports to the same markets were forced to devalue in order to protect demand. The crash in Asia precipitated crashes in Russia, Brazil and Argentina. As Jones (2000) explains, the contagious effects of Asia were threefold: psychological upon investors, the collapse of regional markets for Southeast Asian exports, and upon other world markets as demand collapsed. This demonstrates a key point, that due to the nature of their economies, developing countries bear much more of the cost of crises because of capital flight. As crisis spreads, investors begin to question the wisdom of their investments in, and the reliability of, other emerging market economies. Due to the Asian crisis capital was withdrawn en masse as traders sold the currencies of Russia, Brazil and Argentina for safer currencies in Western Europe, and the dollar. Capital flight also devastated the Mexican economy in 1994-5. From 1990 to 1993 $91bn flowed into Mexico, a fifth of all capital going to developing states (OBrien Williams, 2007). Higher interest rates in the USA, combined with a rebellion in Chiapas and the assassination of a presidential candidate, caused investors to doubt that Mexico could keep its peso fixed to the dollar. In December 1994 investors sold the peso in such large quantities that the dollar link was abandoned. Living standards were cut in half (OBrie n Williams, 2007), the poor suffered, and the middle class faced skyrocketing interest rates and diminished savings due to the devaluation. Some claim that these disadvantages, and their specific effect on LDCs, are not given proper consideration by advanced states and their neo-liberal programme of reform. As Barry Eichengreen (2003) attests, LDCs have specific financial problems. Their monetary and fiscal institutions lack credibility. Their regulators lack administrative capacity. Their financial markets are shallow, and they cannot borrow abroad in the domestic currency. Stiglitz (2002) protested against the liberalisation agenda being pushed too quickly on smaller states lacking proper financial institutions and banking systems, countries like Mexico and Argentina, which saw precipitous and blanket financial liberalisation (Phillips, 2005). It is now widely accepted that reform was too rapid, and the result of neo-liberal reform in Latin America has been a pattern of poor economic performance and increasing political tension. This lends weight to the argument that capital-rich states have much more to gain from the growth of the global financial system. What is important for the conclusions of this essay, however, is that it cannot simply be said that the advantages accrue to rich states and the disadvantages to the poor, as rich states, and their firms and individuals, suffer disadvantages from integration also. Advanced states, of course, also suffer from the effects of crisis and contagion. This has been evident from the fallout of the 2007 global crisis, but due to integration it is now increasingly difficult for all economies to insulate themselves against the effects of recession. Crisis in one area of the global economy means falling demand for goods and services in others, and with the scope of international firms, and the vast number of countries in which single firms do business means that collapses have far-reaching consequences. However, the biggest disadvantage in terms of advanced states is felt by their national industries and firms, those unable to shift production to areas of cheaper labour and production costs. National firms are becoming increasingly unable to compete with firms either in countries with such conditions, or international firms able to conduct business there. This is bad news for the industrial workers of advanced economies, who today can be easily replaced by cheaper counterparts around the globe. Implications the emerging global dichotomy These advantages and disadvantages show that there is a global dichotomy emerging. The principle beneficiaries of the integration brought about by the globalisation of finance are the controllers of capital, those able to move their resources freely around the global economy for the highest return and security. The principle losers are the capital-poor, whether labour or those with assets tied within national boundaries. While China has been one of the biggest beneficiaries economically from financial globalisation, its rising inequality shows that its poorest people, like many others around the world, remain subject to, rather than participants in, the global economy. The advantages and disadvantages discussed above demonstrate two critical characteristics of the global financial system. First, as internationally mobile capital has become more powerful, so have the holders of it in relation to other groups. The argument that capital now holds a structural power within the system has been advanced by scholars such as Gill and Law (1989), and Thomas and Sinclair (2002). The latter study argues that today the expectations of the resource-rich are anticipated by the resource-poor. In the modern system knowledge workers are fortunate, as they can move to wherever they command the highest salary. Others are manufacturing workers facing fierce competition from counterparts in numerous countries, and still others are subsistence workers trying to survive in a system moving towards broader commercialisation in areas like agriculture. This effect has been compounded by the tertiarisation of global economic activity (Phillips, 2005) brought about by financia l globalisation. There is a growing movement towards production and trade of services rather than goods, which produces a divergence between entities that can compete in the service sector and those that cannot. Second, the leadership role of the most economically powerful states, and the nature of the financial system they have created, has rendered alternative policies imprudent. Susan Stranges (1986) casino has many reluctant players. Capital mobility means sustainable macroeconomic policy options available to states are systematically circumscribed (Andrews, 1994); integration has raised the costs of pursuing policies that diverge from regional or international trends. The fact, as discussed, that there is so much to gain for investors means there is the same amount to lose for countries following policies detrimental to their profits, such as running budget deficits to fund welfare policies. The global financial system has been directed by an ideology of liberalisation since the 1970s, and the benefits for the capital-rich, the majority of those that lead the modern system, are too great for the direction to change. This could be the reason for the difference between the development of global trade and finance. Financial liberalisation has incredible advantages for capital-rich states, while with open trade LDCs have the advantages of cheap labour and export-led strategies. Advanced states have continued to protect their national industries with degrees of protectionism. While it is an extreme claim that rich states preserve the system because of the dichotomy this essay presents, the evidence is certainly that the major economies still believe whole-heartedly in the theory of globalisation, that its benefits justify this cost. The recent financial crisis has demonstrated that major states, particularly the USA and the UK, are willing to prop up a system that has shown significant disadvantages in contagion and volatility. This has been a stark example of the asymmetry between the capital-rich and the capital-poor in the event of crisis traders and investors regroup and take their capital to the safest location in order to resume the pursuit of high returns, while taxpayers and workers face austerity measures and unemployment as investment decreases. While the benefits for the developing world have been massive, these benefits are only received by integrating into a system whose disadvantages effect it in a disproportionate way, and which produces a dichotomy, the wrong side of which many of its people will remain. The economic theory behind globalisation still favours trickle-down development rather than bottom-up. The benefits cited by its chief proponents, such as the growth of LDC economies and global economic stability, are no doubt desirable, but they will require a truly global system with truly global markets, neither of which has yet been achieved. In the decades it will take for the global economy to become truly global and precipitate universal benefits, the gap between the capital-rich and capital-poor will continue to grow. Conclusions The global financial system has been heading in a single direction since the 1970s, towards liberalisation and the greater interdependence and interconnectedness of economies, firms and individuals around the globe. This direction was facilitated by the advanced industrial nations through political actions to free international capital, and expand and open global financial markets. Innovations in computing and telecommunications, as well as market innovations, have contributed heavily to the volume and velocity of international capital flows exploiting the volatility and uncertainty of the system. The emerging strategic interests of the USA, the UK, and later Japan, led them to promote a more open international financial order (Helleiner, 1994). The major economies interests still lie in this order, and thus they promote its advantages and push its neo-liberal agenda through international financial institutions and multilateral agreements. This enthusiasm is an indication that the advanced states, and the capital-rich firms and individuals that call them home, have much to gain from financial globalisation, but they also believe in the benefits the neo-liberal programme promises to all. The problem is that the universal benefits of financial globalisation will only fully materialise under the conditions of a truly global economy, with many more participants than there are currently. It is possible that as markets continue to expand to become truly global, more universal benefits will be seen, but the global dichotomy is likely to grow faster than financial markets and access to them. The challenge for the world economy as it moves forward is how to deal with the social aspect of this expansion.